Carbohydrate Identification Lab

Lab

1. Label 3 test tube Mono, Di , and Polysaccharide
2. Get an dropper and hot water(keep water hot)
3. In each tube with the dropper pour the labeled substance 
1. Liquid should be clear
4. Take the Benedict (blue liquid) and using the dropper pour till clear substance turns blue
5. Move all three tubes into hot water and let sit for at least five minutes
1. Watch for a reaction from each substance
6. Write down your observations
7. After five minutes remove tubes
8. After writing result rinse and dry tubes for next test
9. repeat step 1 and 2
10. This time instead of Benedict (blue) you will use the dropper to pour Iodine
11. repeat steps 5 through 8

 Analysis Questions

1.     Name the three categories of carbohydrates studied in this
 investigation.

            Mono, Polysaccharide, Di

2.     What three elements are present in all carbohydrates?

            Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

           

3.     Give two examples each of sugar molecules from our 
discussion or the textbook that are:

a.     Monosaccharides: Glucose,Galactose,Fructose

b.     Disaccharides:Lactose, Sucrose,

c.     Polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose,Glycogen 

4.     How many times larger is the number of hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms in:

a.     Water:ratio of 2:1(hydrogen 2, oxygen 1)

b.     Carbohydrates: 2:!(hydrogen 2, oxygen 1)

5.     “Mono” means one, “di” means two, and “poly” means many. Why are these terms used
 in describing the three types of sugars?

            Theses terms (Mono, Di, Poly) are used to describe the three 
types of sugar because it tells you how many sugar molecules there are.

6.     How can you tell by using Benedict’s and iodine solutions if a sugar is a

a.     Monosaccharide

            Benedict:The Mono reacted by turning green and then three minutes
 later turned brown, and after five minutes turned orange.

            Iodine:Turned red but no reaction

b.     Disaccharide

            Benedict:No reaction

            Iodine:Tured Red no reaction

c.     Polysaccharide

            Benedict:No reaction

            Iodine:Reacted right away by turning black

7.     A certain sugar has no change in color when tested with Benedict’s solution.

a.     Can you tell what type of saccharide it is?

            Polysaccharide

b.     Explain

            There was no chemical reaction

8.     A certain sugar has a color change in Benedict’s solution.

a.     Can you tell what type of saccharide it is?

            Monosaccharide

b.     Explain.

            Mono first reacted by turning green then precced to turn 
brown and last orange

9.     Give an example of a food that contains

a.     Monosaccharides

            Ex.Soda, Candy, Fruit

b.     Disaccharides

            Ex. Table Sugar

c.     Polysaccharides

            Ex.Pasta, Bread, Starch

Macromolecules

Website:http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/bionet/biol115/t2_basics_of_life/lesson2.htm

1. What is a macromolecule?

Answer: A large molecule, and may be a protein, a lipid, a nucleic acid, or a polysaccharide (i.e., a starch).


 2.          What is a monomer?

Answer: Any of several small molecular structures that may be chemically bonded together to form long multi-part polymer molecules.

 3.          What is a polymer?
Answer: A large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers.


 4.          List the four main types of macromolecules.
Answer: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids




 5.          What are the types of reactions that macromolecules are shown to undergo?
Answer: a covalent bond, catalyzed by a polymerase enzyme. A condensation reaction can form many kinds of polymers, proteins carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and  triglycerides.


 6.          Describe how monomers are joined together
Answer: Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) and hydrolysis reactions




 7.  Describe how polymers are broken down.
Answer: hydrolysis reaction- the addition of a water molecule breaks the covalent bond holding the monomers together.




 8.  What is the specific name for the bond between simple sugar monomers?
Answer: Glucose




 9. Which kind of enzyme joins monomers together?
Answer: polymerase enzyme




10. Describe how you had to arrange the sugar monomers in order to build a polysaccharide.
Answers: I rotated four sugar monomers so that the oxygen and hydroen contect with another hydrogen they formed a polysaccharide.

11.  Which building blocks of macromolecules are not used in building carbohydrates?
Answer: Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Nucleotide

12. Why is sugar stored as glycogen in the human body
Answer: Sugar is stored as glycogen in the human body because the liver tries to maintain blood sugar levels by either absorbing or releasing sugar. Some organs such as the brain are primary glucose consumers. Slow absorption of sugars is better tolerated than the rapid absorption of larger amount. 



 13. Why are plant foods essential to animal life?

Answer: Plant foods are essential to animal life because it forms the bulk of most diets. 

Examples:

• Yams and sweet potatoes are high-caloric root vegetables. 
• Fruits tend to have a  high sugar content, mostly glucose, fructose and sucrose.  
• The green leafy vegetables are more chemically diverse and interesting foods that supply less digestible carbohydrate but more vitamins, minerals, and non-digestible fiber. 

 14.Describe how starch is digested by animals.

Answer: "The starch digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase, continuing in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase. Short chains of glucoses are referred to as alpha-dextrin, maltotriose , and maltose . Glucoamylase breaks these short chains down to individual glucose molecules which are absorbed. Starch is the best fuel, supplying sustained-release glucose." (citied on http://www.nutramed.com/nutrition/carbohydrates.htm) 


 15.  What is “fiber” and why is it important in your diet?

Answer: Fiber is the parts of grains, fruits, and vegetables that containcellulose and are not digested by the body. Fiber helps the intestines absorb water, which increases the bulk of thestool and causes it to move more quickly through the colon.(citied on http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fiber)


16.  What causes you to pass gas (fart) according to the article?

Answer:According to the article you pass gas due to "Colon fermentation also produces hydrogen gas, which may distend the colon and produce pain.Hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide are odorless gases. The foul smells of colon gas are mostly volatile substances produced by the putrefaction of undigested protein. One can use the sniff-test to assess the colon's protein-carbohydrate balance: smelly gas reveals increased protein putrefaction and increased body ammonia, whereas non-odorous gas indicates healthier carbohydrate fermentation." (citied on http://www.nutramed.com/nutrition/carbohydrates.htm)

17.  What are some disadvantages of a low-carb diet?
 Answer: Some disadvantages of a low-carb diet are kidney and bone health, nutritional adequacy, dietary compliance, quality of life and cancer risk.  

18.  Describe the role that sugars play in cavity formation in your teeth.
Answer:  When you eat sugar you are essentially providing a blast of fuel for acid-producing bacteria.




All pictures from :http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/bionet/biol115/t2_basics_of_life/lesson2.htm,  http://chapter5macromolecules.weebly.com/all-about-macromolecules.html, 
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htm,
http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch6_3.shtml,
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html,
http://www.bloggersbase.com/sports-and-fitness/constipation/,
http://lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu/smarttutor/corc1321/macromolec.html

What Antacids Will Raise the pH Level Higher

Properties of Water(Lab)

Part A:Pennies
Using pennies and a dropper me and my group (Taylor, Levi) competed to   see who could place the most drops on the penny with out it spilling. As we we each took a turn with Levi being first followed by taylor than me last. IT was interesting to watch that as we added more drops to the penny the bigger the dome got. We than did the same experiment but this time we used alcohol. You really couldn't tell the two apart aside from the smell. As we did the experiment we recorded in a table the results of the experiment , with me and Taylor tying with 47 drops for first with the water and Taylor won the one with alcohol with 34 while I got 21 and Levi got 31. The amazing thing was as the more drops we put on the penny the bigger it got and it looked like the top half of a dome.


Analysis Questions
1.What property of water is being evaluated with this experiment? Why did you get the results that you observed?


The water molecules held themselves together because water molecules are strong.


2.Regarding living organisms, how might this property of water be important.


This showed that the water molecules in our body can keep expanding till it explodes.


Part B:Wax Paper
Once finished with part a pennies we than moved on to part by putting water drops with a dropper on wax paper. We were than asked to describe its shape and to try cutting it in half with a toothpick. The snap was that of the top part of a dome. When we tried to cut it in half with the toothpick the sphere expand and surrounded the toothpick. the drop didn't break apart it stood whole. Just for fun we also moved the drop around on the wax paper. It stood together and just rolled around like a cat playing with yarn.


 Analysis Questions
1.What Property of water is being evaluated with this experiment?
The property of water we saw was the a strong hydrogen bond since it still had its full shape.


2.Would it matter if you placed the droplet of water on notebook paper, as opposed to wax paper. Why or Why not?


If you were to place a droplet of water on notebook paper, as opposed to wax yes it would matter. Instead of holding it shape and just moving around, the water would be absorbed into the paper. It would then expand outwards.


Part C:Stringing You Along
After the first two experiment this next one turned out to be the funnest and it was fascinating to watch. Me, Taylor, and Levi grabbed to beakers and a long piece of string. the objective was to pour the water down the string from the beaker a to beaker b . At first it seemed to be difficult but after thinking Levi suggested that we wet the string first before we poured the water. This way Cohesion happened since water is attracted to other water. But this would also be Adhesion because the water was also attracted to the string. Placing beaker b on the floor we first used a dropper to pour the water onto the string. We placed the string at an angle so that the water would slide down. It worked but was slow so we decided to change tactics. We got another piece of string and this time with levi standing on a chair he put the end of the string inside and tipped beaker a over slowly. This way turned out o be faster and the water traveled down into beaker b.

Understanding the Process of Science Pt.2

What is a Clinical Trial?

A clinical trial is basically a health-related research studies on human beings that follow a certain protocol.

Double-Blind:A clinical trial design in which neither the participating individuals nor the study staff knows which participants are receiving the experimental drug and which are receiving a placebo (or another therapy). Double-blind trials are thought to produce objective results, since the expectations of the doctor and the participant about the experimental drug do not affect the outcome; also called double-masked study. 

Placebo: A placebo is an inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value. In clinical trials, experimental treatments are often compared with placebos to assess the treatment's effectiveness. 


http://clinicaltrials.gov/
Pictures from Google.com

Understanding The Process of Science

 'Does European Corn Borer affect the yield in corn?'

While performing a virtual stimulation corn controlled experiment for the question  'Does European Corn Borer affect the yield in corn?' was set up as a way to test the effect of different levels European Corn Borer infestation on the yield of different varieties of corn, I used three of each Golden Corn(non Bt crop) and BT 1, 2, 3 Corn for this experiment.  The Golden corn had a low level of infestation while Bt 1, 2, and 3had a high level. The level of infestation in this experiment is also the independent variable. The dependent variable of this experiment will then be the measure of the yield of corn which you figure out from the amount of kernels per ear of corn. As the corn grew the Golden Corn was placed with a low level of infestation while the BT 1,2,3 Corn grew with a higher level of infestation. Each pot of kernel for the Golden Corn was higher than the BT 1,2,3 Corn. So the answer to the question 'Does European Corn Borer affect the yield in corn?' According to my results are that the higher the infestation the lower yield that  will be produced.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_01/BL_01.html

Pictures from Google.com