Friday, December 16, 2011

Photosynthesis “Dry Lab”

Materials:
  •        5 test tubes
  •        Bromothymol Blue (BTB)
  •        Water
  •        Pippet
  •        An aquarium fish
  •        Elodea
  •        Timer



Procedure:
1.    Label each test tube Bromothymol Blue +Water, Water + Bromothymol Blue + Aquarium Fish,  Water + Bromothymol Blue + Elodea, and Water + Bromothymol Blue + Aquarium Fish + Elodea
2.    In one test tube put in pond water and bromothymol
3.    Write down observations
a.    Solution should stay blue-green
4.    In the second test tube put in pond  water and Bromothymol this time add the aquarium fish in the solution
5.    Write observation
a.    Should turn solution yellow
6.    In the third and fourth test tube put pond water and bromothymol this time instead of the aquarium fish you add elodea .
7.    Put one test tube in light for three hours and one in the dark for three hours
8.    Write observations after three hours are up
a.    The one in the light should turn blue-green
b.    The one in the dark should turn yellow
9.    For your final experiment you will need two test tube
10.                  You than to put pond water and Bromothymol Blue plus both the aquarium fish and elodea in each tube
11.                  Place one tube in a lighted area and place the other in a dark area
12.                  Leave for three hours each
13.                  After three hour take out each tube and write down your observations
a.    The one that was in the light for three hours should bea pale blue-green color
b.    The one in the dark should be a yellow color


       Conclusion


      After performing several different experiemnts the data we collected observed serval reactions. For the first experiment we put in pond water and bromothymol in a test tube. We found that there was no reaction because the pond water and bromothymol are a neutral pH. With the second experiment we added the pond water and Bromothymol but also an aquarium fish. This time we got a reaction, it turned the color yellow. This happened because of the acid from the animal respiring. This time we took two test tubes in both we put in the pond water and bromothymol and added elodea. We tan put one in light for three hours and one in the dark for three hours. The reaction from the one in the light was that it was a blue-green color this is because carbon dioxide + water yeilds sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight is present. In the second test tube the one in the dark it reacted by turning yellow.This happened because sunlight wasn’t present so photosythesis could not happen.Finally we took a two test tubes and combined pond wate + bromothymol + an aquarium fish + elodea.  Like the previous experiment one was put under light and one in the dark both for three hours.The one in the light turned a pale gblue-green color. While the one in the dark turned yellow.I believe that these reacted the same as the previous experiments for the same reason, sunlight was present in the first one and in the second photosynthesis didn’t occur. Though the first might be a plae blue-green because of the aquarium fish.

Monday, December 12, 2011

Enzyme Yeast Reaction Lab

For the last week in biology we have done three different tests using H2O(water), H2O2(peroxide), and Yeast.

Our first experiment was using four test tubes we had to put 3ml of water and peroxide in each. Than we had to add the yeast using a dropper. For each test tube we had to increase the amount of yeast. We were to record the data of the reaction using a device that we hooked up to the computer. Below are the steps for the experiment.

Steps

  1. In four test tubes put 3ml of both water and peroxide
  2. Connect the data gathering device to your computer and open Logger Pro
  3. Create a data table with it saying test tube label and Slope (kPa/min)
  4. Using a dropper put 20 drops of yeast in test tube one
  5. Stirring the solution together you than take the pressure cork and out it on the test tube
  6. Hit the record button in Logger Pro and let it collect the pressure data for three minutes
  7. After three minutes hit the liner fit button to get the slope of the pressure (kPa/min)
  8. In a data table record the slope where it says test tube one or 20 drops depending on how you labeled it
  9. Repeat steps 5-8 on each test tube increase the number of drops by ten until you get to 50
  10. Once data is collect create a graph like mine below




    1. Graph 1 explanation:
      On the left side of the graph (y-axis) we labeled it slope and we labeled the bottom of the graph Number of yeast drops. In the lab we explained that you had to change the number of drops of yeast. As you can see we increased our drops by ten every time. The slope seemed to increase every time the drop increased. So to me and my partners, this data shows that the more drops you place into the test tubes the steeper the slope becomes.


  11. Heres the website I used to make the graph http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/default.aspx

    Once we graphed the data from the first experiment we did a second one. The base was still the same 3ml of water and peroxide in four tubes, But the change is that we are using temperature. For all four tubes we put them in four different temperatures, Cold, Room Temp., Warm, and Hot. taking the first tube cold we put 50 drops of yeast and connected it to the data gathering device from the previous experiments.

    Steps:

    1. Take four test tubes and place 3ml of water and peroxide in each
    2. Then take each test tube and put one in cold water, at room temp, one in warm water, and one in hot water.
    3. after a few minutes take the cold one out and add 50 drops of yeast
    4. once added connect the data collecting cork that is connected to the computer and collect the data for three minutes
    5. at the end of three minutes press the linar fit button and record the slope in the data table.
    6. You will repeat steps 1-5 for each test tube



    Graph 2:
    The left side of our graph (y-axis), once again, shows the slope and our x-axis ( bottom of graph) shows Temperature in Celsius. From the last graph we used 50 drops for all the test tubes. If we didn't the data wouldn't match. This graph shows the slopes after we placed them in different temperatures. 0-5 is cold, 20-25 is room temperature, 30-35 is warm and 50-55 is HOT!! We noticed that the room temperature water had the highest slope. In my own thoughts I figured hot would have the highest. As you can see the slope started to decrease once it got to the warm water! 


    For the final experiment we will put the same amount of water and peroxide in three tubes. We than added pH level of 4, 7, and 10. After connecting the tube to the data collecting device we made a graph.

    Steps:

    1. Taking three test tube you will put 3ml of water and peroxide in each 
    2. Take one test tube and add pH 4(pink) to it. 
    3. then after mixing them connect the tube to the data collecting device
    4. For the second tube instead of pH level 4 you will put pH level 7(yellow) in
    5. repeat steps 2 and 3
    6. for the final tube put in pH level 10(blue)
    7. repeat steps 2 and 3






    Graph 3:
    As said before our left side (y-axis) is the slope. Our x-axis (bottom part of graph) is the pH levels. We had pH level 4, pH level 7, and pH level 10. Like in the last experiment we also used 50 drops of yeast for this experiment. The data ended as I expected. The higher the pH level the steeper the slope. As you can see pH level 4 has the lowest slope and pH level 10 has the highest slope. 



    With this data graph I think that it shows that at room temp. yeast will have a higher reaction. But following that would be warm, hot, and than cold with the least reaction.


    Friday, December 2, 2011

    PHENYLKETONURIA: A METABOLIC DISORDER


    Metabolic disorders are genetic diseases that affect the body's ability to perform its normal chemical reactions. Many metabolic disorders result from enzyme defects. Recall that a metabolic pathway is a stepwise sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions. If one enzyme in a metabolic pathway is defective, that enzyme's substrate may accumulate and the pathway may not be completed. This may result in a buildup of harmful substances or a shortage of required molecules.


    1. What enzyme is most commonly defective in people with phenylketonuria?
             a. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH)

    2. What reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (What is the substrate and what product is produced?)
    a.Changes to make Tyrosine by grabing an oxygen atom and transfers it to the bottom of phenylalanine. Afterwards a hydrogen atom then attaches to the oxygen.



    3. Describe the symptoms of phenylketonuria.
    a.Phenykletouria has many symptoms them being metally retardered, a small head then normal for a newborn, epilepsy, musty oder, and defincicy in tyrosine.

    4. What causes the symptoms of PKU, the lack of a substance or the buildup of one?
             a. The build up of a protiens causes the symptoms of PKU.

    5. How common is phenylketonuria? How is it treated?
    a.PKU appears in 1 of every 10,000 births in caucaisains and east asian births. Some ethic groups have a higher rate nad some have lower rates. PKU is rare in Aficans. PKU is treated by have the person on a low-protien diet and they should stay on this diet as long as possible. Even after 12 relaxation of the diet can change a person’s behavior. Experts recommend that they keep this diet for life.





    Websites:
    Your Genes, Your Health: Phenylketonuria

    NSPKU Home Page

    Texas Department of Health Genetic Disorders

    Phenylketonuria - The Genetics